Poverty and Pollution Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Destitution and Pollution Case Study - Assignment Example Obviously, the suggestions accompany a few advantages of financial thriving to the detriment of citizens’ wellbeing and use in their future. It is the value they get the chance to pay for the advantages of destructive interest in their nations. This archive plates human right to a perfect and safe condition, legitimizes the ethical commitments of created nations towards underdeveloped nations for their caused costs, lastly, suggests common obligation and tariffs as contamination guidelines that are reasonable for worldwide authorization. Watchwords: Pollution, Environmental Degradation, Third World Countries, First World Countries, Economy and Development, Pollution Control, Industrialization, Investment, Cities, Production, Costs, Price, Business, Regulations Pollution can be arranged distinctively relying upon its motivation and effect in the social orders. It has become a key touchy region at the national level, however at a worldwide administration level, with an excessive number of arrangements being authorized from the industrialized countries to the underdeveloped nations. Viably, natural law is a measure expected to protect the ecological unadulterated conditions by forestalling further corruption. Nonetheless, its application is being paid attention to in industrialized countries dissimilar to in creating countries, who despite everything feel that they need the chance to develop, under the steady gaze of they apply the law successfully at a pace the industrialized countries have set in their countries. Air and water contamination have started to lead the pack in bringing genuine mass decimation.

Strategic asset management plan University of glamorgan Essay

Key resource the board plan University of glamorgan - Essay Example The University of Glamorgan is completely dedicated towards giving a high class learning condition to incorporate e-learning, mentor assistance and work of bleeding edge learning offices to empower the understudies to profit scholastically and socially. In this manner it is felt that imminent businesses ought to be anxious to secure the abilities which have been created in understudies by a serious and animating scholastic program. This ought to likewise make a goal for development and achievement in the understudies. These are no uncertainty excellent key targets for any learning foundation which consider to encourage development of the foundation so as to profit its essential partner, the understudy. The twin points of view of giving work in the prompt time allotment on leaving the foundation and making a desire for supported individual and expert development in the understudies are likewise commendable. A Strategic Asset Management plan streams from the needs set by the University for continued turn of events. The key needs of Glamorgan University have been summed up as follows:- Upgrade the general nature and nature of understudy understanding Improve the nature of understudy consumption. A high evaluation research and consultancy profile ought to be created and post graduate movement ought to be extended. Infra structure ought to be improved. Individuals based quality enhancements ought to be embraced. Add to the local just as the vital association motivation. Add to Glamorgan's equivalent chances and social incorporation motivation. Give a worldwide profile to Glamorgan's notoriety. Give an ideal e-world data and correspondences advancement program. (Procedure: 2006). An examination of the key goals of the University will uncover that advantages structure a significant aspect for its achievement. While a portion of the points as progress of infra structure are essential to improvement of advantages, others, for example, improving the nature of admission and enhancing experience of understudies will to an enormous degree be reliant on the capacity of the University to have a much looked for after vibe of learning. The general objectives of commitment to the bigger network in Wales are likewise subject to commitment to nature on the loose. While keeping up a universal

Literary Activism Writopia Lab

Literary Activism Writopia Lab Book Riot is featuring ways to be a literary activist this week. See all the posts here. Weve been highlighting some literary activism here at Book Riot. Last month, for instance, Rioter Sophia Khan wrote about  #Read4Refugees.  In this piece, Im going to tell you a bit about Writopia Lab, a not-for-profit that gives workshops and creative writing classes to kids and teens. I spoke to the founder, Rebecca Wallace-Segall, about why its such a fantastic den of literary activism, and why its especially important now. Kids Feel Powerless Writopia Gives Them Power In the current political climate, kids feel as unstable as many of us adults do. Writopia Lab provides a whole spectrum of writing workshops and classes, including creative writing, essay writing, and political writing. Wallace-Segall told me that Writopia Lab provides a space where they can process the world and define their own arguments, their own perspectives. Pay What You Can Afford The kids and teens who attend Writopia Lab are getting instruction from professional writers, whether theyre grad students or working writers. Moreover, while all the kids receive the same professional attention in classes, they dont all pay the same amount. There is a sliding scale at Writopia, with four different price points. Plus, 20% of the kids who come to Writopia qualify for full scholarships. How do the kids feel about the difference in price? Theyre oblivious to this, Wallace-Segall said. The kids who have qualified for scholarships dont usually even know that the others are paying and vice versa. The classes provide a nice cross-section of socioeconomic status without the kids being aware of or being made to think of their own situations. The egalitarian approach within the classroom makes sure of this. We provide Chromebooks for each writer, she told me, so that no one will bring in a fancy computer or find themselves without. Freedom to Discuss Diversity All the workshops are diverse, with children and teens coming from various backgrounds and home lives. Writopia Lab encourages the writers to talk about their characters and why theyre presenting them as they do. Wallace-Segall  explained that workshop leaders are trained to discuss issues of racism, homophobia, or other biases that come up in the kids writing. Without judgment, the workshop leaders try to get to the bottom of the issue. They discuss the characters and their choices, backgrounds, and beliefs. Were truly a safe space, Wallace-Segall said. Every child is a product of their environment. And so, because they dont censor the children and teens, Writopia Lab encourages these young writers to process the issues, talk about them, and work through them. Want to Know More? Check out this amazing video created by Writopia Lab:

Definition Of An Educational Institution - 1278 Words

ORGANIZATION NAME AND DESCRIPTION: The organization which choose is an educational institution which is Johnson Grammar School shortly known as JGS, I have studied in this school of about from kindergarten to my high school. When it comes to description, the school was established in the year 1979. It offers quality of education in kindergarten, middle school and even in high school. OPERATING MODEL: In a business organization there should always be presence of operating model as this lays a firm foundation for the whole organization and this helps in reaching the desired goal. The ultimate goal is to see all students from Johnson able to adjust, with respect to a fast changing environment, with the ability to lead in the field which they have decided to choose with integrity and courage. Well the organization depends on maintaining the decisions centralized. The school maintains its position as one of the top institution by improving its efficiency consistently and enhances student’s capabilities in making them merits. BUSINESS FUNCTION DEFINITION SUMMARY No. Goals Sub Goals Definition Organizational Unit I Value added functions 1 Admit New Students 1.1 Entrance Exams Entrance Exams is concerned with admitting new students by conducting Entrance exams or by interviewing them regarding their previous study and filtering the ones who deserve it. Admissions Crew 1.2 Provide ID’s Provide ID’s is concerned with providing identification cards to all the admittedShow MoreRelatedStruggling to Define Industry in the Industrial Disputes Act805 Words   |  3 Pagesthe definition of ‘industry’ given under section 2(j). To avail the benefit of the ID Act, it is necessary for the worker to prove that his place of employment falls under the purview of the definition of ‘industry’ in s 2(j). Over the years the judiciary has laid down certain tests and criteria to determine and limit (or as seen later, expand) the scope of the legislation to extend the benefits to workers in different establishments. One such issue was to examine if educational institutions (universitiesRead MoreImproving Student Satis faction Is One Way Tru Can Attract Students And Increase Its Retention Rate964 Words   |  4 Pageschoose TRU for their educational needs. Improving student satisfaction is one way TRU can attract these prospective students and increase its retention rate. TRU, like other higher education institutions (HEI), is a firm offering services to customers. Kotler and Keller (2008) have defined services as â€Å"deeds, performances or efforts of providers to customers.† Although this definition for services is generally accepted, there is far less consistency in available definitions for customer satisfactionRead MoreCurriculum and Professional Issues1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe education system is a social institution that often faces major changes, such is the nature of public services and similar social institutions. A major factor in the changes made to these institutions is the prevalence of curriculum reform through planning and informed development. (A.V Kelly, 2004) There are various ways in which curriculum has been defined, Curriculum can be taken to mean the quintessence of a syllabus of learning and includes philosophy, substance, strategies and assessmentRead MoreThe Institutions Of Classroom Dynamics944 Words   |  4 PagesThe institutions of classroom dynamics in educational settings reveal social differences in the American educational system. Within the American educational system, students and teachers alike are subject to both visible and invisible forms of inequality and difference. Within this system, concepts, such as the double bind, subordination of women, and androcentrism expose how both student/teacher dynamics and student/student dynamics define gendered boundaries. Moreover, these boundaries perpetuateRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1358 Words   |  6 Pages1. 4. Steps Taken by Educational Institutions to Comply with FERPA Few decades back, educational institutions maintained educational records mainly in paper files. In those days, privacy breaches meant access to information present paper files without proper consent, and the main concern was related to misuse of the student information by agencies rather than the theft of records. To comply with FERPA, educational institutions had to safeguard paper files from illegal access, and provide access toRead More A Unique Approach: Education in Public and Charter Schools Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesUnique Approach: Education in Public and Charter Schools School choice: two words that together spell out a multitude of educational options for students today. Among them are charter schools and public schools; public schools standing the test of time and charter schools being at the forefront of a revolution in educational change. Surprisingly, these two educational institutions have more in common than one might think, but maintain their differences. Key differences between charter and public schoolsRead MoreChanging Society as a Whole in Stubblefield and Keanes Adult Education in the American Experience582 Words   |  3 Pages When one thinks about educational opportunities, it is most likely schoolhouse, college, and even university settings that may come to mind. As Stubblefield and Keane (1994) point out in Adult Education in the American Experience (Stubblefield Keane, 1994), â€Å"provisions for educating adults, however, did not take shape around a single institutional form† (p. 1). Throughout the first two parts of their 1994 book Adult Education in the American Experience: From the Colonial to the Present, StubblefieldRead MoreAccreditation : Different Types Of Definitions Of Accreditation1364 Words   |  6 PagesIf you look into the definition of accreditation there are different types of definitions of accreditation. One can find regarding educational institutes like universities, colleges, student s volunteering and other organisations working for education and youth. Generally accreditation is the act of accreditation or state of being accredit, especially the granting of approval to an institution of learning by an official review board after the school or body has met specific requirement. The termRead MoreReligious Beliefs in India Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pages the answers vary from government to economics and to education, among a vast list of other possibilities. In the case of the South Asian state of India, religion is one of the primary foundations for both their past social systems and current institutions and it is recognized as a predominately religious region. Though the country is constitutionally secular, religion plays one of the largest roles in society. The numerous theologies represented in India dictate the content of legislature, the statusRead MoreA Causal Comparative Research Design Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the educational institution being studied. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is represented by the quality of the school and its programs. The groups of individuals identified in this study are pre-existing ones or naturally formed. Therefore, no random selection has taken place. This means that in this case, those individuals assessed are selected based on their current educational status being new enrollees to a program or about to be graduates of that particular educational institution. 25 new

Babylonian Class Hierarchy It’s Presence in Hammurabi’s...

Babylonian Class Hierarchy It’s Presence in Hammurabi’s Code of Law Upon reading articles and texts concerning Hammurabi’s Code of law, I made a connection between its context and the class hierarchy of early Babylonian civilizations. The structure of the code of law parallels the expectation or rights of those in the different class levels. There are standards that each may be held to, and deviations of those standards have differing penalties for the different classes of peoples. What I found to be interesting, was that slaves (the ardu class) were not specifically born of a certain people or race, but could become a slave as a result of being a prisoner of war, through their crimes, their debts or as a means of self chosen servitude†¦show more content†¦When the statement, â€Å"The great ones surround you.† This led me to believe that this pharaoh believed he’d become equal to the God, and would be one of the great ones to surround the God. Lastly, when the statement said, â€Å"The watchers will wait on you.† I took this to mean slaves in the afterlife, perhaps a sort of purgatory for less fortunate souls. I question why the pharaohs needed these incantations to be written in the pyramids, if they were to be of equal stature on Earth? According to Strayer, p. 108, the pharaohs were believed to be a god in human form. I assume it’s the result of a need for reassurance for their place in the afterlife, a last fee paid or plea for their position in the afterlife. Babylonian class hierarchy seemed present in life and the afterlife according to these sources. The Code of Hammurabi provided order and guidance as to how to sustain these classes and maintain order amongst the earlier civilizations. Bibliography †¢ Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History, Volume 1 †¢ avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hammpre.asp Johns, Rev. Claude Herman Walter, The Avolon Project- Babylonian Law: The Code of Hummuri, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, 9/29/2012 †¢ www.timemaps.com/civilization/Ancient-Mesopotamia Civilization: Ancient Mesopotamia,

Definition Of Health Care Quality - 1657 Words

The definition of health care quality has changed significantly over the years. Depending on who is asked (doctor, patient, nurse etc.), the definition can vary; however there are always some similarities. There are two definitions expressed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) that I believe adequately express my view on health care quality. One definition is from the Institute of Medicine that states health care quality is â€Å"safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient and equitable† (NCQA, n.d., pg. 8). The other definition is from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality that states that health care quality is â€Å" doing the right thing for the right patient, at the right time, in the right way to achieve the best possible results† (NCQA, n.d, pg. 8). I think my view of health care quality is truly the combination of these two definitions. Health care should be provided equally to all patients in an affordable and efficient way and provide those patients with the best possible outcomes. Health care quality to also not just beneficial to patient outcomes, it also has a major impact on the operation of healthcare facilities. According to Huber (2014) the cost of poor health care quality has increased to almost $1.2 trillion each year on overuse, underuse, misuse, waste, and inefficiency. This clearly shows that not only does the patient benefit from high quality care but the facilities providing the care also benefit. The question is then howShow MoreRelatedHolistic Approach to Nursing and Cultural Approach to Nursing1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthe theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. This theory states the following: The term, culturally congruent care, was coined by the theorist in the early 1960s. 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Consequently, IOM Committee on Quality Health Care outlined strategies to improve patient safety by preventing medical errors that are caused by individual and system factors in a report titled â€Å"To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System† (1999). Furthermore, IOM‘sRead MoreProcess Of Identification Definition Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesProcess of Identification Definition Shaquita Jefferson MHA 620 Dr. Rhonda C. Hatfield August 17, 2015 Process of Identification Definition Health is the main value of human life. It occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of human needs. It is one of the most important components of human happiness and successful social and economic development. Implementation of the intellectual, moral and spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is only possible in a healthy society. 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Definitions of nursing reflect society’s values and influence and subjected the profession to many misinterpretations. One common misconception was that a nurse was inferior to a physician because they followed orders. It was imperative for nurses to define their image and profession to

Music and the Impact on Youth in America Essay Example For Students

Music and the Impact on Youth in America Essay Music and the Impact on Youth in America Film: 8 Mile Florida International University Synopsis 8-Mile Film The film begins in the rugged streets of the 8-mile section of Detroit, Michigan. A young man by the name of Jimmy aspires to become a rapper. The odds are stacked against him because of the complexion of his skin as well as the fact that he is a By rigmarole 2 much since high school shows signs of frustration and as such blames others for his setbacks in life. Set against Detroit Hip-Hop scene in 1995, Jimmy struggles to find his voice. The people of Detroit know 8-mile Road as the citys perimeter. It is also a psychological dividing line between what it is urban and what it is suburban, between black and white, between where Jimmy is and where he wants to be. In Detroit, survival is key, and for many in 8-mile, the emotional life preserver is Hip-Hop music. In the absence of nurturing parents, Jimmy and his friends, the cool and the very charismatic Future, optimistic dreamer Sol, aspiring activist DC Z, and the slow but steady Cheddar Bob who shoots himself in the leg with his own gun, have created a circle of friendship, and unbreakable bond, their own family. Mine, 002) Jimmy and his crew which they call themselves (Three One Third), live on hopes of getting their big break while struggling to sustain a living at their everyday dead end Jobs. As the nightlife comes to life, Three One Third feed their dreams in the Hip-Hop clubs where the citys best rappers battle each other with abusive rhymes, slick words, and derogatory remarks that are wielded like weapons. In the rap ba ttles words are meant to wound and victory belongs to the quick-witted. No matter whom we are, no matter where we live, borders bind us all but its the music hat frees and connects us all. (Loving Hanson, 2002) Many of us are content to live within these bordersothers are simply forced to exist within them. For Jimmy, the end of simply being forced to exist comes to end as he shows his lyrical prowess by winning the rap battle against the big bad Free world. History of Hip-Hop Influence It has been almost 30 years since the introduction of Hip-Hop. Over time, Hip- Hops become immensely popular, not Just in America, but also worldwide. Hip-Hop has expanded itself into music, fashion, advertisement, movies, and more. Its given papers, and those associated with Hip-Hop the chance to branch out into other ventures and create their own brands, for example Bad-Boy Records and Sean John. Also, it has allowed them to bring Hip-Hop to other communities through organizations and fundraisers as well. As of today, Hip-Hop has become an international phenomenon that ranges from music to a lifestyle. Hip-Hop has gone through many evolutions that some people do not agree or identify with. It has impacted a lot of things in the world from fashion to politics. Hip-Hop music has been used as a means to create songs that deliver somewhat negatives messages such as ex, drugs, violence, and the degradation of women (The Message by Grandmaster Flash), police brutality (F**k the Police by NNW), poverty in America (Heard Me Say by Kenya West), and the degradation of women (Wonder Why They Call You B*tech by OPAC) etc. Change Cool Here, 2005) But Hip-Hop has also been used to advocate more positive messages about being whatever you want to be (l Can by Nas), a father son relationship (Just the Two of Us by Will Smith), HIVE/AIDS awareness (Lets Talk About Sex by Salt-n-Peep), poverty and how women should be treated (Keep Yea Head Up by OPAC) etc. Overall, Hip-Hop has had its share of praise and scrutiny. The Hip-Hop economy increases at an astonishing rate. Hip-Hop is, according to Forbes, an industry that garners 10 billion dollars a year. Advertisers see rappers as an generation. It is reported by the NYPD Group, that more than 50% of people who purchase Hip-Hop albums are either teens or in their early ass. (Lealer, 2005) Young fans gravitate towards the images that they see of the Hip-Hop lifestyle, the cars, jewelry, expensive clothing, etc. For that reason, when seeing a rapper associated tit a particular brand, they are more inclined to buy a certain item in order to be a part of that lifestyle. For example, when Busts Rhymes, Pass the Couriers Part Two was released, sales for Couriers cognac increased. Guide Music Appreciation EssayRap music has changed since then as the industry has not wanted to commit the same mistakes. In a class of 1 lath graders at my school, I inquired on whether they felt that Hip- Hop has been a positive influence in their lives. In order to understand their answers, one must understand their background. The school is located in Hialeah, where most families are from the poor class. Most students are of Hispanic origin and African American origin. The class was divided in terms of whether Hip-Hop had a positive influence or negative influence. Students in my class stated that Hip-Hop expresses knowledge is power and as such they must empower themselves and educate themselves in order to make a mark in this world. Take into account when Kenya West came out to the rap world ND stated that he had dropped out of college and as such named one of his albums College Dropout. The students in my class stated that education is no longer the traditional idea of going to a college or university. They felt that education could be on the Job training, street knowledge, and life lessons. The idea of education is no longer the gauge for measuring who is and who is not successful. This example to me was a bit contradicting because even though I agree that knowledge can be acquired in many different ways, the Jobs on the global market require these degrees that come from the traditional university setting. The second point they stressed was that Hip-Hop has taught kids from a poor socio-economic background to deliver their creativity not through the usual means of art, poetry, and painting, but through the use of instruments, a beat, and quick-witted word play. The negative influence according to students was that Hip-Hop and its lyrics serve as a distraction from their real world. This makes me understand that the stance that rappers take with regards to their lyrics and their bragging of what they have, what they can buy, the women they can get and sleep with, drinking, and drug buses distorts certain realities for these young minds in America. Much like the movie we saw in class Regeneration, as much as these students enjoy Hip-Hop music they have become apathetic towards that lifestyle because of the fact that they see it as something that might be unattainable. Another point a student made is that Hip-Hop in its purest form is not what Hip-Hop is today. The student called it have, buy, attain, and do. He stated that when Hip-Hop started it had more substance in the sense that they spoke about things that were important in the community. However, little by little, this form of rhyming found its way into the rap game and thats the music thats being delivered to Americas youth. Very few lyricists today within their lyrics talk about societal issues. The young ladies in my class came up with the next negative influence that Hip-Hop has had with regards to women. They were hesitant at first to share, but I made it an open forum, and soon they began sharing their views on Hip-Hop and young women. The young ladies stated that certain rappers, in their lyrics and music videos, degraded them as hoes, sluts, and other derogatory terms. These young ladies were highly insulted in the sense that they felt not all girls want to be groupies or video vixens. The conversation got much better with the next statement! One of the girls stated that how can they compete with the girls in those videos when their body types are not even close to looking like those girls. These rappers are making it so that they have to have certain measurements in order to be attractive and/or meet certain standards. Rappers are painting an unrealistic picture of what true beauty is, and its unfair to them to have to live to those kinds of expectations. This is a universal hem in America that certain body types are the pictures perfect view of what beauty is and these young ladies feel as if it is an unrealistic goal to look like them.

The Old Man and the Sea Tragedy Essay Example For Students

The Old Man and the Sea Tragedy Essay Tragedy is defined as a dramatic or heroic or literary work depicting a protagonist engaged in a orally significant struggle ending in ruin of profound disappointment. Hemingways, the Old Man and the Sea is no doubt a very tragic novel. The story starts off with the narrator explaining how Santiago, the old man, had gone 84 days without catching a fish, making the reader feel sorry for Santiago right off the start. The boy is a companion of Santiago whos been fishing with him, like an assistant, but still believes the old man is a great fisherman. The boys parents call the old man Salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy abiding by his parents went with another boat, which caught three fish in one week. It made the boy sad to see the old man with no fish, so the boy, Manolin, helped Santiago every time he went out to catch fish. So the reader gets a good view of the old mans situation from almost the very beginning of the book. We will write a custom essay on The Old Man and the Sea Tragedy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Santiago has a strong will and will not give up no matter what. He promises to the boy, and himself that he will catch the biggest fish ever, on the 85th day since he last caught a fish. Santiago gets all prepared with reservoir, coils, a knife, and other gear to catch his fish. A quote from Clinton S. Burhans Jr. wrote in an essay that Santiago represents a noble and tragic individualism revealing what man can do in an indifferent universe which defeats him, and the love he can feel for such a universe and his humanity before it. (Baker, Ernest Hemingway) This quote is very true for Santiago, in showing that if he didnt catch a fish, or something bad happened on the 85th day that Santiago would be ruined. When Santiago got his first bite he had no idea what he was in for. The old man had three other lines out in the water at once, all at different depths to cover all aspects of the sea. On the line deepest in the sea a fish starts to bite and Santiago remains calm, waits for the fish to lunge for it. Eat it a little more. Eat it so that the point of the hook goes into your heart and kills you.(p44) This was a quote showing Santiago and the way he was talking to the fish, because there was no one else to talk to. When the fish finally eats the hook the old man struggles, he can tell its a very large fish when he realizes he isnt gaining any line. In the end, after his huge struggle with the sharks they finally swallow the last bit of meat from his marlin. The Old Man and the Sea isnt classified as a tragedy, but in some aspects can be. Where the protagonist, Santiago, goes on a quest that ends in great disappointment, where the sharks eat his marlin, which was his quest.

Parentâ€Child and Sibling Relationships

Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships Introduction This section lays a foundation on the subject of sibling relationships. The goal is to give the reader a highlight of the content of the paper. Research on children relationships takes three divergent routes. The research on parent–child relationships focuses on how parents establish and/or maintain relationships with their children. The second approach entails how children form relationships with their peers in different social settings such as schools. The third approach, which is the focus of this thesis, is on children relationships with their siblings. This relationship exists long after the demise of one’s parents and long before one meets his or her spouse. In this sense, it may be regarded as the longest relationship that people form in their lives. It determines children social capabilities and their capacity to resolve conflicts positively. Hence, the connection is critical in their emotional and cognitive developments (Kennedy, Kramer, 2008, p. 568).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Using peer-reviewed journal articles, the current thesis begins with a discussion of the general informational and historical background of sibling relationships. It then discusses impacts of sibling relationships, their differences across cultures, factors that influence them and their effects on siblings. In the last section, the thesis addresses the ways of ensuring closeness in sibling relationships. The Sibling Relationships Historical Views on Sibling Relations This section presents the psychoanalytic approach to family relations as one of the earliest attempts to explain sibling relationships. This school of thought is associated with psychologist Sigmund Freud. Sigmund interpreted sibling relations as a manifestation of Oedipus complex where male siblings competed for maternal attention while female siblings compete for the attention of their fathers (De Vleminck, 2010, p. 173). Although contentious, psychologists such as Alfred Adler assert that siblings build their personality through struggles to gain significance from their parents and that birth order is an important determinant of the development of sibling personalities (Boll, Ferring, Filipp, 2005, p. 155). According to Howe (2012), psychologist David Levy suggested in 1941 that siblings exhibit rivalry with older siblings (p. 1). They show an aggressive behavior towards new infant siblings in such a typical way so that it can be sufficiently considered a normal character of sibling relationships.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any behavior towards a newborn sibling is related to the perception of different changes in the previous relationships between firstborns and the parents so that peopleâ€℠¢s psychological processes can be said to influence sibling relationships. Cross-section and longitudinal researches that were conducted in the 21st century reveal that sibling relations influence the personality of individuals. With the identified risk factors to poor sibling relationships, various studies by identify aggression prevention and conflicts prevention as important strategies for creating positive sibling relationships (Murray, Dwyer, Rubin, Knighton-Wisor, Booth-LaForce, 2014, p.1361; Buist Vermande, 2014, p.529). In the literature on quality of sibling relationships, the focus has been made on studying psychological implications of sibling relationships, variations in sibling relationships in societies, and the implications of their successful and unsuccessful development. Characteristics of Sibling Relationships This bit presents sibling relationships as an issue that is characterized by conflicts, intimacy, rivalry, and warmth during childhood, adolescence, and ad ulthood (Dixon, Reyes, Leppert Pappas, 2008, p. 119). The type of sibling relationships depends on different factors such as attachment levels, the environment in which children are brought up, and/or family constellation. For example, the process of modernization and industrialization increases social mobility such that siblings become detached from one another with time (Knigge, Maas, Leeuwen, Mandemakers, 2014, p.549).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Attachment between children and their parents has a powerful role in the development of social-emotional traits at childhood. Ward, Vaughan, and Robb (1988) posit that parent-child attachments predict future child aptitude and interaction behaviors with peers and siblings since the kids tend to emulate their parents’ behaviors (p.643). A scholarly contention has been witnessed th at early children relationships are critical in determining their identity and personality. Since parents and siblings form the first relationships with infants, there has been intense interest in studying the influence of parents and sibling relationships on psychological development of children from infancy and early childhood through adolescence to adulthood (Kolak, Volling, 2011, p. 214). Hence, it is crucial to investigate the issue of conflicts that characterizes parent-sibling interactions. Conflict among siblings is a common characteristic of the sibling relationship. Conflicting relationships among siblings may result from learning (Bascoe, Davies, Cummings, 2012, p. 2121). Children learn to be violent from observing parents and adults who engage in violent acts. Therefore, it is possible for children brought up by parents who regularly have domestic wrangles to be violent. Siblings also learn conflict resolution and management from their immediate environment. Sibling ri valry is also a common phenomenon.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children learn rivalry from their environment. When parents, relatives, and neighbors involve themselves in rivalry, children consider enmity an acceptable behavior (Campione-Barr, Bassett Greer, Schwab Kruse, 2014, p. 666). Therefore, they follow by imitating and replicating the behavior. However, the development of such characteristics is highly dependent on individual child’s characteristics and guidance from parents. Impact of Sibling Relationships This section explores the benefits of successful sibling relations with peers, parents, relatives, and teachers. The section further explores the effects of unsuccessful sibling relationships. Successful sibling relationship refers to a situation where people from a certain family end up demonstrating a long-lasting mutual relationship that is marked by the cooperation of all members, regardless of their marital status or job rank as they grow up. Benefits of Successful Sibling Relationships As this section reveals, sibling re lations are associated with benefits such as the privilege of enjoying the companionship of each other and the sharing of each other’s emotions in a joyous setting. Individuals who have successful relationships end up enjoying the companionship of each of the siblings. Feinberg, Sakuma, Hostetler, and McHale (2013) assert that most people in the US are more likely to have siblings to get the aforementioned camaraderie (p.97). In the European-American context, the authors also reckon that children’s most time is spent in the company of siblings as opposed to any other person. In the minority groups, siblings play the role of companionship and care giving (Feinberg et al., 2013, p.97). Therefore, it is important to ensure sibling closeness as a strategy that guarantees positive interactions. Feinberg et al. (2013) present SAS (Siblings Are Special) program for preventing adolescence-related behavioral problems, which may decrease sibling closeness by impairing the qualit y of their relationships (p. 98). Analysis of the program reveals that SAS model is important in increasing sibling engagements. Sibling interactions form the basic tenets for developing relationship skills. Building positive relationships is impossible without a compromise. Indeed, Feinberg et al. (2013) assert that sibling relations are built on frequent and high conflict levels compared to any other close relationship in people’s lives (p.98). Aggressive behavior is also common among siblings. Therefore, the closeness between siblings can be increased by encouraging constructive conflicts to help in establishing avenues for building trust among them. In this process, attention should be focused on reducing antagonism, quests for domineering other siblings, and negative criticism. Specifically, parents have major responsibilities to ensure fairness and equality amongst siblings to minimize power struggles. Siblings who have successful associations exchange their emotions in an environment of love, engagement in conflicts, and support. Although aggression among siblings has been considered an acceptable phenomenon, it potentially influences childhood and adolescent adjustments (p.2). The researcher finds proactive aggressive behavior among siblings, increased use of substances, and high depressive moods as important risk factors for child delinquency. These relationships persist even after the researchers adjust various family differences, stress, and even social-graphic variations (Tucker et al., 2014, p.1). Therefore, minimization of proactive aggression among siblings can aid in increasing their closeness. Oh et al. (2015) examined the longitudinal trajectories in behaviors of young children towards their infants in the context of avoidance, antagonism, and positive engagement (p. 126). 50% of all the investigated children were well engaged. Such children portrayed outstanding levels of engagement with their siblings’ infants who were charact erized by little incidents of avoidance and antagonism (Oh et al., 2015, p.126). This claim suggests that reducing antagonism and avoidance behaviors towards infants by other siblings through enhancing positive engagement can help to increase closeness among siblings. For adolescents who are transiting to colleges, Lindell, Campione-Barr, and Greer (2014) reckon the need to put in place strategies for ensuring continued positive relationships between the first and second born as the firstborn transits into college is important for the sustenance of close sibling relationships in the future years, including adulthood (p. 79). Such strategies entail maintaining adequate egalitarian relationship during childhood and reducing sibling conflicts both in childhood and in adolescence (Lindell et al., 2014, p.80). Negative Effects of Unsuccessful Sibling Relations As this section reveals, unsuccessful sibling relationships have negative implications such as sibling victimization and psycholo gical issues that lead to conflicts. Sibling victimization may involve physical assault, which leads to injury. Such injuries produce negative psychological effects on the victim. The situation may lead to rivalry and lower warmth between siblings. Although psychology scholars contend that aggression is normal among siblings, aggression that leads to victimization indicates unsuccessful sibling relationships. Iturralde et al. (2013) identify moderating effects of successful sibling relationships in adjusting to inter-parental conflicts (p. 716). Therefore, unsuccessful sibling relations heighten the threshold of negative effects of inter-parental conflicts. There is growing research evidence that links psychological issues to sibling relationships. For example, Buist and Vermande (2014) assert that sibling relationships have identifiable implications on psychosocial functioning of children (p.529). Some of the indicators of the level of quality sibling relationships are warmth and c onflicts (Randell, Peterson, 2009, p. 859). Warmth refers to the psychological feeling of intimacy and the capacity of a sibling to provide companionship (Gamble, Yu, Kuehn, 2011, p. 606). Emotional attraction towards one’s siblings determines whether to connect more or retract from the siblings’ warmth or companionship. Hatred constitutes a psychological emotion that influences sibling relationships. Hatred and perceptions of competition for parental attention can influence the degree of closeness between siblings. The two elements have the potential of forming sibling relationships based on negative conflicts and proactive aggression. Influences on Sibling Relationships Introduction This section provides various studies that have been done concerning the influence of cross-cultures on sibling relations. The section presents cross-culture, identity, personality, and social development as some of the areas that sibling relationships tend to influence. Cross-Culture E ffects Individualist customs that are prevalent in America and some parts of Europe highlight individual accomplishment, irrespective of the cost of team ambitions. Such customs lead to a tough rivalry. Collectivist customs that are common in China focus on the folks and group agenda, as opposed to personal needs. In their literature review on cross-cultural differences in sibling relationships, Buist, Paalman, and Branje (2014) identify different studies that confirm cultural differences in sibling relationships among western and non-western societies (p. 267). They reveal how past studies define sibling relationships in terms of love-hate dimension, which reflects individuation and competition that are associated with western cultures (Buist et al., 2014, p.267). In the western cultures, siblings have a discretionary type of sibling interactions. They are encouraged to remain in close contact. Some elder brothers and sisters may be required to assume the role of taking care of the ir other younger blood relatives while their parents assume the main duty of attending to their kids. However, in the case of non-industrialized cultures, forming relationships with younger siblings constitutes an obligation for older siblings (Buist et al., 2014, p.267). This observation suggests that cultural norms and values advocate strong cooperation and closeness among siblings in such cultures (Kretschmer, Pike, 2010, p. 411). Culture defines norms, values, and ways of thinking of a given group of people. These aspects may determine the mechanisms for forming social relationships between siblings. Buist et al. (2014) examined sibling relationships in the cross-cultural context by comparing the quality of sibling associations among the Moroccan and Dutch sibling samples (p. 269). After collecting data through questionnaires and analyzing it, the researchers found a significant difference in the quality of sibling relationships amongst Moroccan and Dutch adolescents. The Moroc can siblings reported high levels of quality relationships and lower prevalence levels of behavior problems compared to the Dutch adolescents (Buist et al., 2014, p.269). Nevertheless, problems of anxiety and depression among the siblings in both Moroccan and Dutch samples were similar (Buist et al., 2014, p.272). Different cultures adopt different parenting styles. In the Mexican descent society, Gamble and Yu (2014) observe how democratic parenting supports sibling relationships that are characterized by less egoism and high levels of warmth (p.223). Identity As this paragraph confirms, different identities and socialization processes that form the personality of siblings may impair sibling associations due to disagreements and low cooperation levels. Through differentiation, during puberty and maturity, siblings distinguish themselves from others to create uniqueness in behaviors and socialization processes (Wong et al., 2010, p.674). Cultures such as Indonesia and Costa Rica are identified by their value of the family unit (Yaman, Mesman, Jzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Linting, 2010, p. 619). Hence, children and teenagers show more security, intimacy, companionship, and satisfaction when they are with their siblings than when they are with their friends. Youths in countries such as the USA find happiness and acceptance from their friends (Yaman et al., 2010). Time for most of the USA children is spent in shared activities with friends. Family-oriented societies, also known as collectivistic cultures, enhance more sibling interdependence where the situation of children looking out for each other defines the daily life (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 621). In South Asian communities, children play important responsibilities in the course of their continued existence. Running of home properties, birthright sharing, and important formal procedures are effectively taken care of by brothers and sisters. In idiosyncratic societies, a high significance is given to pers onal accomplishments. Yaman et al. (2010) conduct a study on collectivist and individualistic cultures (p. 618). According to Yaman et al. (2010), collectivist cultures are identified by their participation in cooperative tasks (p. 621). Besides, much focus is given to what people have in common. Individualistic societies are characterized by participation in competitive duties. Much weight is given to what makes the individuals unique (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 621). Affluence, independence, and variety among siblings are given importance in the individualistic setting. Siblings in the individualistic settings grow to be strong and self-independent (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 620). Eccentricity exists in Western Europe and a large part of the US while the communal society is evident in Asia and some Europe regions among other places. Due to the self-independent nature of the individualistic society, children in such a society mature and discover themselves at an early age. Development pre vails in the individualistic society because siblings value personal achievement and sovereignty (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 621). Personality This section shows how sibling relationships shape the personality of many kids, when it comes to the sharing of skills and ideas with their peers, especially if they have same age bracket where they spend most of their times interacting as a team. Children utilize most of their time with their peers than their parents while growing up. Through this interaction, Cicirelli (1995) confirms how they form their characters and learn effective skills on socializing and taking care of each other (p. 23). Therefore, siblings act as cultural brokers who transfer values and practices across generations. Regardless of the widespread inclination in sibling associations, the society shows differences in family affairs. In industrialized nations such as the United States, siblings are defined mainly by biological relations, which focus on the immediate family as the defining factor of relationship. In other countries, all kids within an equivalent age bracket are considered brothers and sisters, while other cultures deploy a discrete characterization to distinguish brothers and sisters by considering their masculinity or femininity traits and birth arrangements. More respect and responsibility are usually placed on older siblings across all generations. Children influence each other as they grow. A kid’s peers determine his or her character. Parents across cultures are always aware of this fact since most of them end up advising their kids on the groups of peers that they need to interact with or avoid. They have always been judgmental of their children’s company. While growing, children consider things such as birth order, sex, and age to select their mates (Robertson, Shepherd, Goedeke, 2014, p.37). Collective cultures and individualistic cultures differ when it comes to sibling relationships. Collective cultures tend to be more family-oriented (Yaman et al., 2010). They have shown a significant level of sibling relations and involvement. Brothers and sisters in communal backgrounds such as the Latinos utilize approximately half of their valuable moments with their peers and relatives as opposed to the American kids who do not utilize as much duration with their relatives. They tend to find more value in spending time with their friends. Social Development This segment shows how collectivistic societies instill the culture of family cohesion, cooperation, togetherness, and conformity to the set standards. The section shows how this culture cultivates an environment of unity and love where all members are free to seek and get crucial advice from the rest when it comes to accomplishing any task in the family. The idiosyncratic society upholds personal growth and the communication of individual issues. When the American children who grew in an individualistic society are asked to express themselves or narrate a story that they had been told before, most of them are specific. They describe the story from a personal experience than Korean or Chinese kids who grew up in a collective society (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 619). Children in the collective society evaluate stories from a positive aspect and discuss other people more than the American children. The mind of children in individualistic societies is more specific. It focuses on individual situations that they have encountered. On the other hand, the mindset of children in a collective society is more general and less emotional. Their thinking is social relationship-focused. These patterns and differences in mindset and reasoning are seen because western cultures enhance autonomy (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 620). They put significance on personal qualities. Hence, siblings in such cultures are raised to stand out and speak for themselves, whereas eastern cultures improve togetherness and give importance to the group. Siblings here ar e brought up to focus on the society around them. The cultural differences in siblings across culture persist even into their adult life. College students in the individualistic society talk about personal preferences and autonomy in relation to their partners in the collective society. Despite the differences in a relationship due to cultural differences, siblings can integrate more than their culture when exposed to a different environment where they can form a bicultural identity (Yaman et al., 2010, p. 619). Influence on the Quality of Sibling Relations Successful Relationships Parent/Peer-Child Interaction As this section reveals, successful sibling relationships produce positive effects on the growth and development of children from their childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Such effects can be grouped into peer/parent-child, child-environment interaction, and child-power status. Sibling relationships constitute one of the long lasting relationships in an individualâ₠¬â„¢s life (Iturralde, Margolin, Shapiro, 2013, p.717). Such interactions also act as the foundation for the formation of other relationships such as a positive affiliation with peers and parents (Downey et al., 2015, p. 274). For instance, successful sibling associations increase warmth and emotional attachments between children and their parents and peers (Buist Vermande, 2014, p.529). Therefore, success in inducing positive sibling relationships is important for better sibling interaction with other peers in their adolescent and adulthood (Campione-Barr, Smetana, 2010, p. 464). Cultural value theory and ethnic equivalence hypothesis explain how differences in familial relationships influence the quality sibling relationships (Padilla-Walker, Harper, Jensen, 2010, p. 420). Families that have different ethnicity when compared to the main cultures thrive in alternative value systems. This situation has the implication of encountering similar experiences among specific family con texts to produce deviations in the meaning of certain elements that define sibling relationships among minority families. Ethnic equivalence theory holds that familial relations do not have direct impacts on the outcomes of children since they surpass any ethnic boundary to display universality in terms of their influence. This claim implies that no significant differences in sibling relationships are anticipated in cross-cultural contexts. The assemblage of families, their structure, and traits of each child influence value sibling relationships. Assemblage implies the number of brothers and sisters, birth progression, kids and grownups’ gender and years, the level of interaction (taken up or brother/sister), and kids’ intervals. Despite the fact that different types of family relationships play a key part in influencing sibling relationships, the quality of parent-children relationship greatly influences sibling relationships. Differences that are peculiar to each ch ild are important in influencing their interaction (Shalash, Wood, Parker, 2013, p.288). For example, young children have temperament as an important factor that determines their relationships while older children have cognitive, personality, and social skills, which are important determinants of sibling relationships (Murray et al., 2014, p.1363). Factors that influence the quality of sibling rapport are related to one another. For example, Dixon et al. (2008) observed the relationships between personality and birth order in large families (families with 6 or more siblings) using a sample size of 361 siblings (p. 119). The researchers focused on Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and extraversion personality traits (Dixon et al., 2008, p.119). Using hierarchical model, the researchers also scrutinized the impacts of age, size of families, and gender on the siblings’ personality. They identified an age effect on the extraversion personality while the size of families and gender did not produce any significant impacts on any of the investigated personality aspects (Dixon et al., 2008, p.119). This observation suggests that age has an effect on the quality of sibling relationships. As the age increases, it influences the personality of individual siblings. Oh, Volling, and Gonzalez (2015) indicate that the quality of sibling relationships changes with time, as it is emotionally less intense among middle-aged siblings and those in the adolescent stage (p.120). Although the family environment during the siblings’ childhood may have produced high-quality relationships, they (siblings) experience lower quality relationships at adulthood due to the competing pressures of their work and individual families. Child-Environment Interaction The environment in which siblings are brought up influences the quality of their relationships. The environment can be shared or not (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Mutual surroundings such as growing up in the same home produce mo re similarities in terms of character definition while the non-shared atmosphere is associated with character variations that may be observed among brothers and sisters. Siblings may also fail to share the same environment due to their birth order. Thus, they undergo different experiences, which influence their personalities differently (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Although the birth sequence may affect the quality of interaction in terms of their people’s distinctiveness, there lacks scholarly evidence and agreement on how it exactly influences the personality of individuals. However, the power difference that is associated with the birth order has effects on the quality of sibling relationships. Child-Power Status Firstborns are co-caregivers in many nonwestern societies. Thus, they function as surrogates parents. This situation makes them enjoy high power over other siblings in a family. The power status increases with an increasing age gap between siblings. It also varies depending on gender. For example, older girls are known in some cultures as better caregivers and teachers to their younger siblings relative to older boys. Dixon et al. (2008) assert that birth order has effects on the quality of sibling relationships (p.120). Firstborns feel more threatened by a second born since they have to share their power and parents’ attention and affection with the second and subsequent births. Second and subsequent births may not feel this threat since they find power already vested in the firstborn sibling. In a cross-sectional study, Whiteman, McHale, and Crouter (2007) examined the influence of older siblings on younger siblings (p. 970). They assessed aspects such as peer competence, interests in sports and arts, and engagement in risky behaviors. The researchers found a positive correlation between the reported temporary involvement together with intimacy and positive influence for younger siblings (Whiteman et al., 2007, p.963). Indeed, sibli ngs reported similarities in terms of engagement, interest in the examined domains and high competence when older ones had the power of influence to the younger ones (Whiteman et al., 2007, p.970). In nonwestern cultures, sibling relationships are characterized by high cooperation. To verify this claim, Song and Volling (2015) examined the relationship between co-parenting, temperament among firstborns, and cooperative behaviors upon request by their mothers to help in changing their one-month-old infant diapers (p. 130). Questionnaires were given to gather primary data concerning the assessment of parents’ temperament and cooperative behaviors of their children. Song and Volling (2015) confirm the study results that suggest that irrespective of mothers’ demographic characteristics, co-parenting influences the quality of sibling relationships whereby soothability acts as an important determinant of cooperation among siblings (p. 130). Unsuccessful Relationships Many fa ctors cause unsuccessful relationships among siblings. They include sibling birth and aggressive behavior/victimization. This segment considers poor reception of a subsequent birth by other siblings an important determinant of failing sibling relationships. Volling et al. (2014) assert that mothers report high opposition behaviors among firstborns against their siblings in three weeks after birth (p.634). This situation causes noncompliance and naughty conducts among firstborns. For mothers, such manners cause a considerable amount of stress. Firstborns who eagerly wait for their siblings’ birth respond in an affectionate manner as a call for caring of the infant sibling few days after birth (Volling et al., 2014, p.634). This claim suggests that where firstborns receive their second born and subsequent siblings as threats to their power structures with their parents, they (subsequent siblings) are likely to receive them negatively. This case leads to poor quality sibling rel ationships at an early age where the family environment does not shape the initial negative perceptions accordingly. Indeed, among adult siblings, the quality of their relationships depends on their childhood familial environment (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Through LPA (latent profile analysis), Volling et al. (2014) researched the reactions of children to their fathers or mothers’ interactions with newborn sibling infants (p. 634). The examined parents reported a high prevalence of behavioral problems among children after one to four months of sibling birth. A new birth creates an emotion of jealousy in an older sibling (Volling et al., 2014, p. 634). This case creates a rivalry behavior. Nevertheless, having a sibling has positive effects on educational skill attainment. Downey, Condron, and Yucel (2015) found that children who did not have siblings lagged behind in the attainment of social skills from kindergarten to the fifth grade compared to those who had either brothe rs or sisters (p. 273). This observation suggests that siblings influence one other positively through social skill development where each relative is free to share his or her social skills such as playing particular games and group singing among other social activities. In fact, as Downey et al. (2015) confirm with reference to social skill development, the quality of sibling affiliation, which increases social skill attainment, depends on sibling interactions in a family context (p. 273). The quality of such interactions then influences the capacity of siblings to form positive relationships with their peers in other social settings such as schools. Tanrikulu and Campell (2014) investigated the engagement of siblings in bullying behavior (p. 1). Drawing from 455 participants from grade 5-12, the findings indicated a high percentage of traditional bullying behavior for siblings relative to bullying by peers. Despite the low number of intimidators in cyber and other localities, brot hers and sisters mentioned unfair treatment and sophisticated deeds in the process of carrying out harassment. Maltreatment is a negative behavior. It affects people’s creativity levels, reduces morale, may cause accidents, influences negatively moral and ethical judgment capacity, and/or hinders people from realizing their full potential in their areas of talent (Feinberg et al., 2013, p. 97). Thus, its possession among siblings indicates unsuccessful sibling relations. Aggression and victimization are associated with unsuccessful sibling relations. For example, Tucker, Finkelhor, Turner, and Shattuck (2014) present a growing body of research that indicates how victimization among siblings has direct relationships with poor mental health (p.625). The researchers hypothesize that conflicts between parents and violence in families influence experiences of children in victimization. Upon conducting a multinomial regression analysis, the results indicate that sibling victimizati on relates to negative family experiences. This observation implies that parent–children relationships are important not only for a successful development of sibling relations, but also for mitigation of sibling engagement in family conflicts (Recchia Howe, 2008, p. 1564). However, although negative conflicts among siblings may indicate unsuccessful sibling relations, positive conflicts are important as the basis of developing respect and trust among siblings. Conclusion This study has established issues that parents should focus on in their parenting roles to ensure that siblings develop and maintain positive relationships from childhood to adolescence and even in adulthood. The study emphasizes that parents should note that although issues that influence the quality of sibling relationships such as their separation when they attend colleges or relocation in search of jobs are inevitable, they have the capacity to create and control the environment for developing and sustai ning their positive relationship. They need to mitigate factors that lead to poor quality sibling relationships. Research on various normative issues that influence sibling relations at adulthood identifies childhood environment as an important issue that determines the quality of the relationship. Siblings who grow up in families that have cohesive ties exhibit closer relationships. Psychological factors such as emotional attention between siblings and warmth affect the element of closeness among siblings. Proactive aggression and negative conflicts have the effect of lowering the quality of sibling relationships. Thus, to create closeness among siblings, parents need to provide an enabling environment for facilitating their close interactions by eliminating risk factors that allow the growth of conflicts, which may lead to the emergence of aggressive behaviors among siblings. Reference List Bascoe, M., Davies, T., Cummings, M. (2012). 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Parent-Child Relationships, Parenta l Psychological Control and Aggression: Maternal and Parental Relationships. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 43(1), 1361-1373. Oh, W., Volling, B., Gonzalez, R. (2015). Trajectories of Children’s Social Interactions with their Infant Sibling in the First Year: A Multidimensional Approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(1), 119-129. Padilla-Walker, L., Harper, J., Jensen, A. (2010). Self-Regulation as a Mediator Between Sibling Relationship Quality and Early Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 419-428. Randell, A., Peterson, C. (2009). Affective Qualities of Sibling Disputes, Mothers’ Conflict Attitudes, and Children’s Theory of Mind Development. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Recchia, H., Howe, N. (2008). Associations Between Social Understanding, Sibling Relationship Quality, and Siblings’ Conflict Strategies and Outcomes. Child Development, 80(5), 1564–1578. Robertson, R., Shepherd, D., Goedeke, S. (2014). Fighting Like Brother and Sister: Sibling Relationships and Future Adult Romantic Relationship Quality. Australian Psychologist, 49(1), 37-43. Shalash, M., Wood, D., Parker, S. (2013). Our Problems Are Your Siblings Fault: Exploring the Connections Between Conflict Styles of Siblings During Adolescence and Later Adult Committed Relationships. American Journal of Family Therapy, 41(4), 288-298. Song, J., Volling, B. (2015). Co-parenting and Children’s Temperament Predict Firstborns’ Cooperation in the Care of an Infant Sibling. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(1), 130-135. Tanrikulu, I., Campell, M. (2014). Sibling Bullying Perpetration: Associations with Gender, Grade, Peer Perpetration, Trait Anger, and Moral Disengagement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1(1), 1-15. Tucker, C., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Shattuck, A. (2014). Family Dynamics and Young Children’s Sibling Victimization, Journal of Family Psychology, 28(5), 625-633. Tuc ker, C., Gundy, K., Wiesen-Martin, D., Sharp, E., Rebellon, C., Strcuzzi, N. (2014). Proactive and Reactive Sibling Aggression and Adjustment in Adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1(1), 1-23. Volling, B., Yu, T., Gonzalez, R., Kennedy, D., Rosenberg, L., Oh, W. (2014). Children are Responses to Mother-Infant and Interaction with a Baby Sibling: Jealousy or Joy? Journal of Family Psychology, 28(5), 634-644. Ward, M., Vaughan, B., Robb, M. (1988). Social-Emotional Adaptations and Infant-Mother Attachment in Siblings: Role of the Mother in Cross-Sibling Consistency. Child Development, 59(1), 643-651. Whiteman, S., McHale, S., Crouter, A. (2007). Explaining Sibling Similarities: Perceptions of Sibling Influences. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 36(1), 963-972. Wong, T., Branje, S., VanderValk, I., Hawk, S., Meeus, W. (2010). The Roles of Sibling in Identity Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 33(2), 673-682. Yaman, A., Mesman, J., J zendoorn, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Linting, M. (2010). Parenting in an Individualistic Culture with a Collectivistic Cultural Background: The Case of Turkish Immigrant Families with Toddlers in the Netherlands. Journal of Child Family Studies, 19(5), 617-628.

GP210 week 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GP210 week 2 - Research Paper Example nalist views argue that a constitution does not evolve or change; therefore, it will always mean what it meant when it was adopted in a country (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, 2012). With this view in mind, its interpretation must be in line with the thoughts that the people who came with it had in mind. These people also argue that originalism preserves the authority of the court which is a mandatory element in ensuring that there is the prevalence of justice in a country. Thus, this school of thought believes that the constitution must be interpreted with regard to the views of the original composers. On the other hand, those who oppose this viewpoint argue that no written constitution can anticipate the means that the government might use to oppress people; hence it is sometimes mandatory for judges to fill in the gaps that exist in the constitution through their interpretation (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, 2012). With these view in mind, the constitution must be interpreted with the needs of the people it is supposed to govern in mind. In addition to this, non-originalism allows judges to rectify inflexible interpretations that no longer serve their original purposes (Whittington, 2001). The need to amend or possibly revoke bad laws that exist in the constitution will be realized with continual originalist interpretations. Other than leave courts to continuously find fault in the constitutional provisions, the people concerned will be obliged to come up with a new constitution that best suits the needs of people. However, coming up with a new constitution is a costly affair and this is the reason why non-original interpretations should be given way. Moreover, they will allow for more enlightened understanding on contemporary issues such as equal treatment of blacks, women and other minority groups (Whittington, 2001). With these views in place, it is clear that non-originalist interpretations of the constitution are more favorable. Apart from

Undocumented nurse medical errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Undocumented nurse medical errors - Essay Example The researcher starts with description of his first day at his first job. His nurse trainer was evidently flustered with her numerous tasks in the hospital. The researcher followed her to a patient’s room, where she administered medication. The patient was recovering from a car accident, where he suffered from some chest and abdominal trauma, as well as a badly-broken leg. The researcher was confused, because the name on the door was not the same in the med chart. He returned to the nursing station, where she documented the medication. After opening the patient’s chart, she was distressed to find out that she gave the wrong medicine. She checked the patient’s chart for allergies and was comforted that the latter had no allergies with the incorrect medication. However, the patient complained of dizziness and nausea later on, and the nurse did not provide the pain meds as scheduled. The patient also showed signs of discomfort for several hours. The nurse closely wa tched the patient all evening and up to the next shift, since she volunteered to cover it because a nurse called in sick. The next evening, this same patient was assigned to me. The researcher checked his chart and was surprised that the medication error was not documented, and that the normal dose of pain medication was documented. During his dinner break, the patient had difficulty in breathing and went into arrest. The patient died and autopsy showed that he died from an embolus to the lung. This was a probable unavoidable complication of the injuries. But since the patient experienced pain the evening before, his family members believed that the nursing staff neglected to observe him for complications. They said that they consider suing the facility and I know that I will be named in the suit. Case Study Analysis: 8-Step Model for Ethical Decision Making The case with this patient involves an ethical dilemma of reporting the medication error of my colleague. I will examine this case using the 8-Step Model of Ethical Decision Making (Bennett-Woods, 2001). I will determine the facts of the case and all information needed to properly analyze and resolve this issue. I will state the practical problem, identify the most important ethical questions and the theoretical bases for my analysis, discuss arguments and counterarguments, including their specific ethical concepts and supporting facts, name options, and choose and explain my final decisions. Step One: Gather Relevant Information Clinical indications. Patient was recovering from a car accident, where he suffered from chest and abdominal trauma and a badly-broken leg. The most common effects of car accidents are head, chest, pelvis, and abdominal trauma (Schmucker et al., 2010). The patient complained of dizziness and nausea, which can be the result of his injuries or the incorrectly given medicine. One of the primary tasks of nurses is drug administration and it occupies around 40% of their work time (Armi tage & Knapman, 2003, cited in Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Administering drugs have become more complex, especially when there were only 656 medications in 1961, but now there are more than 8000 medicine being prescribed, with more than 17000 trade and generic names in North America (Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Giving medication is â€Å"one of the most error-prone steps of the medication-use process, with 34% of all errors originating in this phase† (Bates et al. 1995, cited in Helmons, Wargel, & Daniels, 2009, p.1202). Some studies discovered that medication errors normally take place during the prescription and administration stages and can compose 65% to 87% of the total number of medication errors (Bates et al. 1993, 1995; Benjamin 2003, cited in Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Less than 2% of incorrect medication actions are not intercepted by the patients’ bedside (Helmons, Wargel, & Daniels, 2009, p.1202). The patient also showed signs of discomfort for several hours.

Effect of Income Inequality on Economic Development

Effect of Income Inequality on Economic Development Income Inequality and Financial Crises: The 2007-2008 financial crises has been considered as amongst the worst the world has faced. This is since the great depression of the year 1930s ((Shiller, 7). This crisis was characterized by the collapse of large financial institutions, a downward fall in stock markets, bailout of banks by government, and the laying off of workers by business organizations. There are a variety of reasons given as to why the 2008 financial crisis emerged. MacEwan and Miller argue that it was an increase of income inequality that led to the emergence of the financial crisis (MacEwan and John, 5). On the other hand, others believe that it is the failure of the banking mortgage system that led to the emergence of the financial crisis (Paulet, 22). This paper examines the reasons as to why McEwan and Miller link economic instability, to income inequality. It further examines their proposal on how to solve this problem. Furthermore, this paper gives an explanation on the reasons for the emergence of the 2008 economic crises. There is a varying argument on the effects of income inequality on the growth of the economies of rich and developed countries. One of the major arguments is that income inequality was the major reason for the emergence of the 2008 global economic crisis. This is an argument that McEwan and Miller believe in (MacEwan and John, 5). Proponents argue that there are three major ways in which income inequality has the capability of destroying the economic system of a state. The first argument is that due to income inequality, there is a sharp increase in the debt ratio to income ratio amongst middle and low income households. This ratio increases because of their bid to maintain their consumption level, while they fall behind in relation to income or revenue that they are able to acquire. For example, a growing demand for loans and mortgages was as a result of a rise in the costs of college and homes. There was also a relaxed standard for lending, and it was easy to acquire mortgages. The failure by these low income earners to pay these mortgages and loans led to the beginning of the financial crisis, and the collapse of major financial institutions such as Citigroup and Lehman Brothers (Paulet, 17). The second argument is that the creation and development of a large pool of idle wealth leads to an increase in the demands of investment assets, fueling financial innovation and increasing the size of the financial sector. This is dangerous for the economy, because it may lead to speculative buying of financial assets. It is this speculative buying of financial assets that contributed to the collapse of financial institutions such as Lehman brothers during the 2008 crisis (Schiek, 39). It is important to denote that the collapse of the Lehman brothers was the beginning of the financial crisis, and it was followed by the collapse of several financial institutions and business organization such as General Motors. To protect the economy, the American government had to bail out companies such as General Motors, Citigroup, Bank of America, etc (Shiller, 22). The third argument is that income inequality leads to the emergence of a disproportionate political power. The major intention of the development of this political power is to protect the financial interests of the elite, or the wealthy members of the society. This would lead to the enactment of policies that have a negative impact on the stability of an economic system within the state (Schiek, 52). For example, setters of accounting standards, and federal government regulators were able to allow banking organizations such as Citigroup to move large number of liabilities and assets from the balance sheet, to a complex legal structure referred to as structured investment vehicles. This strategy helped to mask the financial weaknesses of the banking organization to the share holders and investors. The regulation of financial institutions in America is always influenced by powerful and wealthy companies and people (Schiek, 13). This is because they normally finance the political activi ties of candidates who would advance their agendas. In as much as McEwan and Miller believe that income inequality led to the emergence of the 2008 economic crisis, there are other reasons that led to the this crisis (MacEwan and John,15). One of the reasons given is the growth of the housing market in America. This demand led to speculative buying, leading to an increase in the prices of houses. People took mortgages, which did not have good security. However, in 2008, there was a correction in the housing prices, leading to a downward fall of the housing prices (Schiek, 57). Most Americans were unable to pay their mortgages, and this made banking and financial institutions to suffer massive losses because they were unable to recover their loans. This in turn led to the collapse of these financial institutions, affecting the economies that were heavily dependent on the American economy. Furthermore, it is the federal government that made it easy for people to acquire loans. This is because they initiated low interest rate, by lowering the federal fund rate target to 1.0%, from a figure of 6.5% (Shiller, 41). This made experts to denote that it was the easy availability of credit that led to a demand of houses, hence f uelling their increase. It is therefore prudent to denote that there is a need of restructuring the American economic system and regulatory institutions for purposes of protecting the economy from future crises. In fact, the government of President Obama realized on the need of regulating American financial institutions, and in 2008, and 2009, he initiated a series of measures aimed at meeting this objective (Shiller, 29). For example, President Obama introduced the Volcker rule, which was aimed at limiting the ability of banking organizations to engage in proprietary trading (Shiller, 19). The European Union also realized the need of regulating financial institutions and came up with the Basel III rule, which raised the capital of starting a banking business in Europe, and placing a limit on the banking rates of the European banks. In conclusion, the statement by MacEwan and Miller that income inequality contributes to a slowdown in economic development has some truth in it. For instance, due to income inequality, the poor and the middle class were engaged in borrowing from banks, for purposes of buying properties leading to a sharp increase in property prices. This was a factor that contributed to the emergence of the 2008 crises, and it is always referred to as the subprime crises. In a bid to protect the financial interests of big financial companies, the federal government agencies did not effectively regulate their financial activities. This allowed them to manipulate their financial records, hiding their weaknesses to shareholders and investors. It is therefore prudent to denote that McEwan and Miller are right when they assert that income inequalities was the main factor leading to the 2008 crisis, and there is a need of restructuring the economy, and improving the ability of the federal regulatory insti tutions. Works Cited: MacEwan, Arthur, and John A. Miller. Economic collapse, economic change: getting to the roots  of the crisis. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2011. Print. Paulet, Elisabeth. The subprime crisis and its impact on financial and managerial environments  an unequal repercussion at European level. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2012. Print.   Schiek, Dagmar. The EU economic and social model in the global crisis: interdisciplinary  perspectives. Farnham (Surrey): Ashgate, 2013. Print. Shiller, Robert J. Subprime solution how todays global financial crisis happened, and what to do  about it.. Princeton: Princeton Univ Press, 2012. Print.

Essay --

The suffrage movement first emerged at the turn of the century and Civil War when African American slaves were denied the right to vote, a benefit that a majority agreed was associated with citizenship, and therefore should be applicable to all freed slaves. This set the grounds for a suffrage movement that later evolved into a larger issue centered on antislavery reform. Joining together to fight for benefits that were being withheld from American citizens, the role of women came into play during this time as the most active abolitionists who came together to organize petitions, conventions, and raise funds to help further the movement. Women played a vital role in being heard through protests and local publications of their thoughts. Novels such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Clotel, along with articles in popular news publications, shed much light and attention on anti-slavery reform, while also sparking the inspiration for women’s rights (Britton, 2006). As this movement was slowly developing, women continued to fight for anti-slavery reform. During this, opponents to women participation in the efforts came forth and voiced their own critical opinions. Around 1837, the General Association of Congregational Ministers of Massachusetts had issued their "Pastoral Letter," a response to the political activity of the Grimke’s, two sisters who were heavily active and public in their fight for anti-slavery reform. In this letter, the ministers urged women to reject stepping out of the â€Å"public sphere† and to instead embrace the private, encouraging "the cultivation of private Christian character, and private efforts for the spiritual good of individuals" (General Association, 2006). In response to these views, Susan Grimke challenged the le... ...of the electoral vote in critical swing states necessary for Obama’s reelection victory (Casserly, 2012). Candidates now address issues entirely centered on women’s needs and concerns, knowing any win is impossible without support of female voters. This validates the current power women hold in the political arena today, and the impact their voice has made to society since being granted the freedom to vote. Through the use of messages such as public conventions, speeches, literary pieces, published works, unions, groups, and memorabilia, the suffrage movement’s goal of achieving equal voting rights for women to be the same as men can be credited as providing the stomping grounds for women to seek a stronger hand in society and to the evolution of women’s rights to include equal freedoms to men in arenas such as education, the work force, and military involvement.

Summary of “Deep Intellect”

In â€Å"Deep Intellect† author Sy Montgomery makes his case in showing that octopuses are intellectual invertebrates. Scientists believed that octopuses were unintelligent brainless creatures. However new studies have amazingly revealed just the opposite. Studies now show that octopuses are intelligent, emotional and have individual personalities. Montgomery talks about his encounter with an octopus, Athena, at the Aquarium in New England and the different studies that prove that octopuses are intelligent. Octopuses are invertebrates that touch and taste with the thousands of suckers that are on their eight arms.A study by Alexa Warburton although problematic revealed that â€Å"California two-spots quickly learned which side of a T-maze offered a terra – cotta pot to hide in† (page 3). The octopuses appeared to intentionally not cooperate by jumping off the mesh while being scooped out of their tanks. Scientists measure intelligence by brain size and counting n eurons. Octopuses have about 130 million neurons in its walnut size brain and amazingly three-fifths of their neurons are in its arms. The intelligence of octopuses also includes the ability to change colors and shapes to hunt and to escape predators.Scientists believe that octopuses are colorblind but new evidence proposes that they may see with their skin. A study by Jennifer Mather shows that octopuses can employ foresight and even plan. Mather observed an octopus choosing rocks to place in front of its home to feel safe before going to sleep. Another study by Roland Anderson reports an octopus playing with a pill bottle as a toy. The octopus was blowing water to move the pill bottle from one end of her tank to the other. Anderson states that â€Å"Only intelligent animals play – animals like crows and chimps, dogs and humans† (page 5).In a study by Bill Murphy octopuses opened locks on boxes to get food and they used different strategies showing individuality. One octopus was so eager to get the food that he broke the outer box and then squeezed into the inner box. Roland Anderson also proved in a study that octopuses remember familiar humans. In this experiment one person would just feed the octopuses and another person would touch them with a briskly stick. After a few week, the octopuses would shoot water at the person that touched them with the briskly stick at first sight. However when the octopuses saw the person that fed them they would move toward that person.Scientists have noticed that octopuses and humans have eyes that are almost the same. Humans and octopuses eyes have transparent corneas, regulate light with diaphragms and focus lenses with a ring of muscle. Based on the research data octopuses are unsocial creatures that have a short life span. They have evolved into intelligent and emotional creatures that have individual personality. Scientists today still know very little about the intellect of octopuses. To understand the m ind of these eight arms wonders, scientists must rethink the way they examine the nature of the mind.

Khaled Hosseinis Special Techniques In The Kite Runner - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 879 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Kite Runner Essay Did you like this example? In Khaled Hosseinirs book The Kite Runner, we learn about a boy named Amir and get to know him as he grows up into an adult. Amir faces lots of conflict in his life and is a very complex character. The author leads us on a journey of Amirrs life from when he was very young up until he turns into an adult. Khaled Hosseini uses many different techniques in this book to help explain what Amir has been through. Still, 20 years later this novel is still relevant because of this powerful story. We quickly learn that Amir always tries to do what is right and believe in all the right things, but doesnt always follow through with making the right choice. Amir also gets jealous very easily. Amir was born into an above average family. His mom died while giving birth to Amir and so his father, Baba is the one who raised him. Amir adores his father and really tries to gain his love and affection in the book. Amir has a brother named Hassan who he envies because itrs almost like Baba prefers Hassan as a son rather than Amir. It is very clear that his jealousy is aimed towards Hassan because Amir has always wanted to show Baba that he is worthy of his love and affection but Hassan seems to always interfere which is what makes Amir so upset. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Khaled Hosseinis Special Techniques In The Kite Runner" essay for you Create order He often makes fun of Hassan for his own entertainment and calls him names like imbecile. He does this because it is Amirrs way of lashing out and putting all the upset feelings has has all towards Hassan which shows how Amircan be very jealous. Amir has a very very good moral compass and thats easy to see from the beginning of the book. Sometimes he lets his anger get the best of him and lashes out but then becomes filled with guilt. For example, when Amir feels guilty about when Assef raped Hassan he goes to the pomegranate tree to talk to him. Amir started picking up pomegranates and throwing them at Hassan then asks him to throw then back at him so they were even. Hassan didnt throw them back, instead he just walked away. This displays of on the main themes in the novel- guilt and redemption. Amirs search for redemption doesnt stop here, his search goes throughout the whole novel. In the very beginning of the book The Kite Runner, it is very apparent that Amir can tell there is something wrong with his relationship with Baba. Amir wants to fix his relationship with Baba more than anything. At the horse race, Baba gets mad at Amir for feeling sad about one of the players that dies from being stepped on by the horse. Amir overhears Baba telling his friend about how he is confused about how Amir is related to him because they are so different. This is where Amir starts searching for a way to make their relationship stronger. Another conflict Amir faces in the book is his conflict with Hassan. Amir isnt there for Hassan when Assef rapes him even though Amir couldve easily helped because he witnessed it. This creates lots of guilt and sadness Amir feels all throughout the book and never gets 100% over what happened. Amir is constantly searching for redemption in the book The Kite Runner. Amir tries to prove to Baba that he is a good person and a good son because he feels guilty because he believes that he is the one who killed his mother. Amir really works hard to win the kite race to redeem himself in Babars eyes. Baba says a boy that doesnt stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up for anything. Because of what Baba says Amir believes that since he didnt do anything about Hassan getting raped when he was a kid he feels that the only way he can redeem himself is when he is an adult which is why he went to Assef when he was older to confront him about the rape. Another theme in the book is how often the past comes up as Amir. The best example of this is Amir and Sohrab. Sohrab has had such a messy past which influences the person who he turns out to be. The slightest bit of affection Amir shows to Sohrab makes Sohrab really uncomfortable because of Sohrab abusive past. Amirs past cons tantly comes up in his life present-day life because of the first theme- his search for redemption. Because of the past events in Amirrs life from when he was younger still makes him guilty as he gets older. He especially feels this way because he doesnt only feel responsible for his mother death, but Hassanrs death too. On page one of The Kite Runner Amir explains how the past can never be left behind. Overall, The Kite Runner is an example of issues with relationships and learning how to make them right again once they become ruined. We see the evolution of characters all throughout the book. The use of the literary techniques the author uses helps emphasize each event Amir goes through which helps us better understand the journey Amir went through all throughout his life.